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The TCP/IP Stack, Internet Protocol Suite
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The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP suite) governs the Internet and the data transported over it. we take a closer look at the organization of TCP/IP, study its divisions and the function they perform.
We are spending our most of the time on the internet, numerous devices at the moment are connected to each other all over the world. Have you ever thought, how all these devices are connected and communicating each other without any interruption? yes, TCP/IP is one of those pillars which build our present INTERNET. It came to exist in 1961, packet switching network was proposed by Paul Baran. This guy was one of the persons in making the first network possible. Here comes the ARPANET. The TCP/IP Stack, or the internet protocol suite, is a set of communication protocols used by the internet or similar networks. Originally resulting from research at DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency). The TCP/IP stack has gradually grown to include a suite of protocols.
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Let’s find out some definition
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Layers
Layers are essentially the segmentation of functionality in the OSI model.
These are essentially the roads that different protocols travel. Envision the network to being a giant city and the ports being the highways leading out of that city.
Get ahead in order to illustrate the TCP/IP stack
Transmission control protocol internet protocol is protocol suite which provides end-to-end communication between two or more devices. Communication will be like sending data in the form of small packets. Much like the atom is the smallest unit of a cell, a packet is the smallest unit of transmitted information over the Internet. This is the basic of networking.
As we can see in the name those are two layers of protocols TCP and IP, TCP is responsible for dividing the information into small junks called packets., IP is responsible for a locational aspect of communication devices which helps in routing the packets from correct source to destination. More precisely and simply IP is used to deliver content to the client or server.
How data traverse over the net.
Dr. Vinton Cerf says that step 1, the TCP protocol breaks data into packets, step2 the packets travel from router to routed over the internet according to the IP protocol. Step 3 the TCP Protocol reassembles the packets into the original whole.
How it was started
Dinesh Thakur make out the story around ARPANET and how TCP/IP stack arouse.
This may be considered as the breakthrough for many of current ideas, algorithms and Internet technologies. It started Paul Baran in 1960s funded by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an organization of the United States Defense Department and, therefore, named as Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) predecessor of the modern Internet. It was world’s first fully operational packet switching computer network and the world’s first successful computer network to implement the TCP/IP reference model that was used earlier by ARPANET, before being used in the Internet. The ARPANET is the first network that planted the seed of internet.
It is basically a WAN. It was developed by the ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) in 1968 which is the research arm of 000.
- ARPANET was designed to service even a nuclear attack
- Before ARPANET, the networks were basically the telephone networks which operated on the circuit switching principle
- But this network was too vulnerable, because the loss of even one line or switch would terminate all the conversations
- ARPANET used the concept of packet switching network consisting of subnet and host computers
- The subnet was a datagram subnet and each subnet consists of minicomputers called IMPs (Interface Message Processors)
- Each node of the network used to have an IMP and a host connected by a short wire
- The host could send messages of up to 8063 bits to its IMP which would break them into packets and forward them independently toward the destination
- The subnet was the first electronic store-and-forward type packet switched network. So each packet was stored before it was forwarded
- The software for ARPANET was split into two parts namely subnet and host
- In 1974 the TCP/IP model and protocol were invented specifically to handle communication over internetwork because more and more networks were getting connected to ARPANET
- The TCP/IP made the connection of LANs to ARPANET easy
- During 1980s so many LANs were connected to ARPANET that finding hosts became increasingly difficult and expensive
- DNS (Domain Naming System) was created for organizing machines into domains and map host names onto IP address
- In 1983 the management of ARPANET was handed over to the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) which separated the military portion into a separate MILNET
- By 1990 the ARPANET was shut down and dismantled, however MILNET continues to operate
How it was continued
Thanks to Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn who invented TCP/IP. In May 1974 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn published “A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication” in IEEE Transactions on Communications COM 22, no. 5, (5 May 1974) 637-648, in which they described the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). In the early 1970s ARPANET and other data networks that were beginning to be constructed around the world each operated according to different hardware and software protocols, thus making it impossible for them to communicate with one another. ARPANET was using the Network Control Protocol or NCP. This problem was solved by Cerf and Kahn’s invention of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP ) cross-network protocol that allowed the creation of an international network of computer networks; i.e., the Internet (a term Cerf and Kahn invented around 1973, as an abbrevation for “inter-networking of networks.” The authors laid out the architecture of such a network in their May 1974 paper:
“It describes gateways, which sit between networks to send and receive ‘datagrams.’ Datagrams, similar to envelopes, enclose messages and display destination addresses that are recognized by gateways. Datagrams can carry packets of various sizes. The messages within datagrams are called transmission control protocol (TCP) messages. TCP is the standard program, shared by each network, for loading and unloading datagrams; it is the only element of the international network that must be uniform among the small networks, and it is the crucial element that makes global networking possible” (Moschovitis, History of the Internet. A Chronology, 1843 to the Present [1999] 82.
In 1978 TCP was split into TCP and IP for Internet Protocol. In 1983 the Defense Communications Agency DCA and ARPA established the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP for ARPANET. This led to one of the first definitions of an “internet” as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and the “Internet” as connected TCP/IP internets. On January 1, 1983 ARPANET required that all connected machines use TCP/IP. On this date TCP/IP became the core Internet protocol and replaced NCP entirely.
Norman, From Gutenberg to the Internet (2005) reading 13.8, p. 871.
HistoryofInformation has told the story.
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TCP/IP Implementation
Every device connected to a network adopting the TCP/IP should have an implementation of this protocol stack embedded in the software running on it. Devices should have an implementation of the protocol stack, not the stack itself because TCP/IP describes the layers and their functions abstractly. It doesn’t provide details on the implementation. This is left to the different industry vendors. However, all vendors should adhere to the standard so that their devices can communicate with each other.
Why TCP is used with TCP/IP not alone as TCP?
TCP is a protocol that is used to encapsulate the data or pack the data to send it to the target from the source. TCP just packs the data but don’t know where to send it. Here comes TCP/IP, stack or suite whatever you call it as. TCP/IP stack implements IP with TCP and helps to deliver data to the targets.
How does the TCP/IP model work?
Whenever you send something over the internet — a message, a photo, a file — the TCP/IP model divides that data into packets according to a four-layer procedure. The data first goes through these layers in one order, and then in reverse order as the data is reassembled on the receiving end. The TCP/IP model works because the whole process is standardized. Without standardization, communication would go haywire and slow things down — and fast internet service relies on efficiency. As the global standard, the TCP/IP model is one of the most efficient ways to transfer data over the internet.
What is the difference between TCP and IP?
TCP and IP are separate computer network protocols. The difference between TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) is their role in the data transmission process. IP obtains the address where data is sent (your computer has an IP address). TCP ensures accurate data delivery once that IP address has been found. Together, the two form the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Get recognized the layers of the TCP/IP model
1. Network Access Layer Network Interface Layer (Data-link/Link) & Physical Layer
The network access layer, also known as the data link layer, handles the physical infrastructure that lets computers communicate with one another over the internet. This covers ethernet cables, wireless networks, network interface cards, device drivers in your computer, and so on.
2. Internet (Network) Layer (Internetwork)
The internet layer, also known as the network layer, controls the flow and routing of traffic to ensure data is sent speedily and accurately. This layer is also responsible for reassembling the data packet at its destination. If there’s lots of internet traffic, the internet layer may take a little longer to send a file, but there will be a smaller chance of an error corrupting that file.
Network layer protocols exist on every host or router. The router examines the header fields of all the IP packets that pass through it. Well, coming to protocols used in this layer are IP, ICMP, ECN, IGMP, IPsec and many more. We should mainly focus on IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL) is everywhere in the network that defines the format of the packet, called a datagram at the network layer.
IP also defines the format and the structure of addresses used in this layer. IP is also responsible for routing a packet from its source to its destination, which is achieved by each router forwarding the datagram to the next router in its path. IP is connectionless, a data packet can travel from a sender to a recipient without the recipient having to send an acknowledgment. The network layer also includes unicast (one-to-one) and multicast (one-to-many) routing protocols. The network layer also has some auxiliary protocols that help IP in its delivery and routing tasks. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) helps IP to report some problems when routing a packet. The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) helps IP in multitasking. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) helps IP to get the network-layer address for a host. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol that helps IP to find the link-layer address of a host when its network layer address is given.
3. Transport Layer (Host-to-Host)
The transport layer provides a reliable data connection between two communicating devices. It’s like sending an insured package: The transport layer divides the data in packets, acknowledges the packets it has received from the sender, and ensures that the recipient acknowledges the packets it receives. The transport layer is next to application layer and takes message or data from the application layer to encapsulate into user datagrams or packets depending on the protocol used. The transport layer provides end-to-end communication services for applications and responsible for delivering data to the appropriate application process on the host computers. These include forming data segments and adding source and destination port numbers in the header of each packet. Together with the source and destination IP address, the port numbers constitute a network socket. It provides services such as connection-oriented data stream support, reliability, flow control, and multiplexing.
We can say that transport layer is the backbone of the whole TCP/IP suite. The two main protocols used in this layer are TCP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL) and UDP (USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL)
TCP is a reliable protocol. TCP provides extensive error and flows control to ensure the successful delivery of data. TCP is called as a connection-oriented protocol. Applications that need reliable data stream service will rely on TCP. Major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on TCP. UDP is not a reliable protocol. There are no error checking, flow control, or congestion control for UDP and is designed for situations when extensive control features are not necessary. UDP is called as a connectionless protocol. when a packet is corrupted or lost a new protocol, Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is designed to respond to new applications that are emerging in the multimedia. UDP may be used for multicasting and broadcasting since retransmissions are not possible to a large number of hosts. UDP typically gives higher throughput and shorter latency and is therefore often used for real-time multimedia communication where packet loss occasionally can be accepted, for example, IP-TV and IP-telephony, and for online computer games.
The application layer is the group of applications that let the user access the network. For most of us that means email, messaging apps, and cloud storage programs. This is what the end-user sees and interacts with when sending and receiving data.
TCP/IP vs OSI Model
| TCP/IP | OSI Model |
|---|---|
| The full form of TCP/IP is Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol | The full form of OSI is Open Systems Interconnection |
| It is a communication protocol that is based on standard protocols and allows the connection of hosts over a network | It is a structured model which deals which the functioning of a network |
| In 1982, the TCP/IP model became the standard language of ARPANET | In 1984, the OSI model was introduced by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) |
|
It comprises of four layers: • Network Interface • Internet • Transport • Application |
It comprises seven layers: • Physical • Data Link • Network • Transport • Session • Presentation • Application |
| It follows a horizontal approach | It follows a vertical approach |
| The TCP/IP is the implementation of the OSI Model | An OSI Model is a reference model, based on which a network is created |
| It is protocol dependent | It is protocol independent |
| OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard. It is acting as an interaction gateway between the network and the final-user. | TCP/IP model depends on standard protocols about which the computer network has created. It is a connection protocol that assigns the network of hosts over the internet. |
| The OSI model was developed first, and then protocols were created to fit the network architecture’s needs. | The protocols were created first and then built the TCP/IP model. |
| The OSI model represents defines administration, interfaces and conventions. It describes clearly which layer provides services. | It does not mention the services, interfaces, and protocols. |
| The protocols of the OSI model are better unseen and can be returned with another appropriate protocol quickly. | The TCP/IP model protocols are not hidden, and we cannot fit a new protocol stack in it. |
| It provides both connection and connectionless oriented transmission in the network layer; however, only connection-oriented transmission in the transport layer. | It provides connectionless transmission in the network layer and supports connecting and connectionless-oriented transmission in the transport layer. |
| The smallest size of the OSI header is 5 bytes. | The smallest size of the TCP/IP header is 20 bytes. |
| Protocols are unknown in the OSI model and are returned while the technology modifies. | In TCP/IP, returning protocol is not difficult. |
Similarities between the TCP/IP and OSI models
- Both the models are based upon layered structuring
- In both models, data are mainly used to convert raw data into packets and help them reach their destination node.
- In both models, protocols are defined in a layer-wise manner.
- The layers in the models are compared with each other. The physical layer and the data link layer of the OSI model correspond to the link layer of the TCP/IP model.
- The session layer, the presentation layer and the application layer of the OSI model together form the application layer of the TCP/IP model.
- The network layers and the transport layers are the same in both models.
TCP/IP vs OSI: Which came first?
Have you ever heard that Among TCP/IP and OSI, the Open Systems Interconnection model was introduced by the International Organization of Standardization in 1984 and the TCP/IP model was introduced about 10 years before that.
The main difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP Model is a communication protocols suite using which network devices can be connected to the Internet. On the other hand, the OSI Model is a conceptual framework, using which the functioning of a network can be described.
